Paleontology (palaeontology is the British spelling) is the study of the developing history of life on earth, of ancient plants and animals based on the fossil record, evidence of their existence preserved in rocks. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks, burrows, cast off parts, fossilized feces ("coprolites"), and chemical residues.

Overview

Modern paleontology sets ancient life in its contexts, by studying how long-term physical changes of global geography ("paleogeography") and climate ("paleoclimate") have affected the evolution of life, how ecosystems have responded to these changes and have changed the planetary environment in turn, and how these mutual responses have affected today's patterns of biodiversity. So paleontology overlaps with geology, the study of rocks and rock formations, and with botany, biology, zoology, and ecology, fields concerned with living creatures and how they interact. Palynology is the study of pollen, whether modern or geological.

The major subdivisions of paleontology include paleozoology (animals), paleobotany (plants), and micropaleontology (microfossils). Paleozoologists may specialize in invertebrate paleontology, which deals with animals without backbones, or in vertebrate paleontology, dealing with fossils of animals with backbones, including fossil hominids (paleoanthropology). Micropaleontologists study microscopic fossils, including organic-walled microfossils whose study is called palynology.

There are many developing specialties such as paleoecology, paleobotany, ichnology (the study of tracks and burrows) and taphonomy, the study of what happens to organisms after they expire.

Major areas of study include the correlation of rock strata with their geologic ages and the study of evolution of lifeforms. Paleontology utilizes the same classic binomial nomenclature scheme devised for the biology of living things by the mid 18th century Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus and increasingly sets these species in a genealogical framework, showing their degrees of interrelatedness using the still somewhat controversial technique of "cladistics".

The primary economic importance of paleontology lies in the use of fossils to determine the age and nature of the rocks that contain them or the layers above or below. This information is vital to the mining industries and especially the petroleum industry. Simply looking at the fossils contained in a rock remains one of the fastest and most accurate means of telling how old that rock is.

Fossils were known by primitive man and were sometimes identified correctly as the remains of ancient lifeforms. The organized study of paleontology dates from the late 18th century.

Notable paleontologists

Paleontologists are among the more colorful and eccentric figures in the history of science. Important figures include the Englishman William Smith who first noted that similar fossil sequences were found regionally and Georges Cuvier who initiated the study of ancient animals based on living animals. Notable American figures include Edward Drinker Cope, Othniel Marsh, Paul Sereno , Henry Fairfield Osborn, Louis Agassiz, Charles Walcott, and Roy Chapman Andrews. Notable European paleontologists include the Swedish-speaking Finn Björn Kurtén, Czech paleoentomologist Jarmila Kukalova-Peck.

History includes a number of prominent paleontologists. Charles Darwin collected fossils of South American mammals during his trip on the Beagle and examined petrified forests in Patagonia. Thomas Jefferson took a keen interest in mammoth bones. Besides looking at mammal teeth and digging up penguins, George Gaylord Simpson played a crucial role in bringing together ideas from biology, paleontology, and genetics to help create the "Modern Synthesis" of evolutionary biology; his book "Tempo and Mode" is a classic in the field. Prominent names in invertebrate paleontology include Steven Stanley , Stephen Jay Gould, David Raup, Geerat Vermeij , and Jack Sepkoski who have done much to expand our understanding of long-term patterns in the evolution of life on earth. The same is the case with Croatian scientist Dragutin Gorjanovic-Kramberger and his discovery of the "Krapina Man ".

Other paleontologists include Yves Coppens . More modern figures in paleontology include John Ostrom, Bob Bakker and Jack Horner.

Research

The work done in paleontology can be divided into field work, collections management, fossil preparation and systematic description of new species.

See also

• Timeline of geography, paleontology, biology
• Important publications in paleontology

External links

• Smithsonian's Paleobiology website: a good introduction
• University of California Museum of Paleontology FAQ About Paleontology
• Krapina Man