1854 was a common year starting on Sunday (see link for calendar).

Events

• January 13 - The accordion is patented by Anthony Faas .
• February 11 - Major streets lit by coal gas for first time.
• February 14 - Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.
• February 17 - The British recognize the independence of the Orange Free State.
• February 27 – Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Ottoman provinces it had conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia
• February 28 - The United States Republican Party is organized in Ripon, Wisconsin.
• March 1 - German psychologist Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears, two years later his remains are found in the canal near Charlottenburg
• March 20 - The Boston Public Library opens to the public.
• March 27 – United Kingdom declares war on Russia – Crimean War begins
• March 28 – France declares war on Russia
• March 31 - Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy, signs the Treaty/Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government, to be precise, Tokugawa Shogunate, opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade. (See History of Japan)
• May 30 - The Kansas-Nebraska Act becomes law establishing the US territories of Nebraska and Kansas.
• June - The Grand Excursion takes prominent Eastern U.S. inhabitants from Chicago to Rock Island, Illinois by railroad, then up the Mississippi River to St. Paul, Minnesota by steamboat.
• June 10 - The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduate at Annapolis, Maryland
• June 21 - In the battle at Bomarsund in Åland, Royal Navy mate Charles D. Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes - the incident is the first that will be retroactively awarded the Victoria Cross in 1857
• July 6 - In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the U.S. Republican Party is held.
• July 13 - In the battle of Guaymas , Mexico, General Jose Maria Yanez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset Boulbon .
• July 13 - Assassination of Khedive Abbas I of Egypt
• August 16 - Russian troops in the island of Bomarsund in Åland surrender to French-British troops
• September 20 - Crimean War: At the Alma, the Franco-English alliance wins the first battle of the war.
• October 1 - The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury by Aaron Lufkin Dennison relocates to Waltham, Mass. to become the Waltham Watch Company pioneer in the American System of Watch Manufacturing.
• October 17 - Newspaper The Age is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
• October 21 - Florence Nightingale leaves for Crimea with 38 other nurses
• October 25 - Crimean War: The Battle of Balaclava occurs, overall a victory for the allies, but it included the disastrous cavalry Charge of the Light Brigade, from which only 200 of 700 men survive.
• November 5 - Crimean War: Russians lose again at the Battle of Inkerman.
• November 17 - In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.

• Frederick Augustus Albert succeeds to the throne of Saxony.
• Stockholm, Wisconsin is founded by immigrants from Karlskoga, Sweden (cf 1252).
• Chemistry Professor Benjamin Silliman, of Yale University is the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation.
• Abraham Pineo Gesner invents a process for extracting kerosene from coal.
• Said Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as pasha of Egypt.
• A Russian fort is established at the present site of Almaty.
• Aurora, Ontario is first settled.
• Spiegelthal excavates the tomb of Alyattes II.
• The Ambrotype is introduced for photography.
• Election of New York City mayor Fernando Wood begins the ascendancy of Tammany Hall.
• An epidemic of cholera in London kills 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology.
• The Iceland trade is opened to foreigners.

Births

• January 18 - Thomas Watson, telephone pioneer
• February 17 - Friedrich Alfred Krupp , German industrialist (d. 1902)
• March 14 - Paul Ehrlich, physician, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908 (d. 1915)
• March 14 - Thomas R. Marshall, U.S. vice-president (d. 1925)
• March 15 - Emil Adolf von Behring, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901
• May 11 - Albion Woodbury Small, American sociologist
• July 3 - Leos Janacek, Czech composer
• July 12 - George Eastman, inventor of the Kodak camera
• July 27 - Takahashi Korekiyo, Japanese prime minister (d. 1936)
• August 2 - Milan I, King of Serbia
• October 16 - Oscar Wilde, Irish writer (d. 1900)
• October 20 - Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (d. 1891)
• November 6 - John Philip Sousa, American march composer and conductor
• November 21 - Pope Benedict XV (d. 1922)
• December 23 - Victoriano Huerta, Mexican president
• December 24 - Thomas Stevens, world-circling bicyclist
• Diamond Bessie - prostitute and murder victim (d. 1877)
• Edward Harkness - U.S. philanthropist (d. 1940)
• C. W. Post - cereal manufacturer (d. 1914)

Deaths

• February 17 - John Martin, English painter
• March 6 - Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, British noble
• March 11 - Willard Richards, American religious leader (b. 1804)
• March 13 - Thomas Noon Talfourd, English jurist
• April 15 - Arthur Aikin, English chemist and mineralogist
• July 7 - Georg Ohm, German physicist
• September 8 - Angelo Mai, Italian cardinal and philologist
• Abbas I, pasha of Egypt